Effect of Barley Sowing Density on the Integrated Weed Management of Lolium rigidum (Annual Ryegrass) in Mediterranean Dryland: A Modeling Approach

Population models are particularly helpful for understanding long-term changes in the weed dynamics associated with integrated management (IWM) strategies. IWM practices controlling L. rigidum of high importance, mainly due to its widespread resistance that precludes chemical control as a single method. The objective this contribution is simulate different scenarios special emphasis on impact levels barley sowing densities control. To effect, weed–crop population model both and life cycles was developed. Our results point out: (i) necessity achieving efficiencies (>99%), (ii) increase twice standard density resulted reduction 23.7% density, (iii) non-herbicide-based individual methods, such delayed seed removal at harvest, proved be inefficient reducing drastically population, (iv) implementation least three tactics (seed removal, delay herbicides) required infestation eradication independently rate, (v) effect an diluted more demanding reached. Future research should aim disentangle sustainable programs.